Virupakshishwarar Temple: Fourth of the Seven Siva Shrines of Mylapore

 

There are hundreds of lesser known temples in Chennai. Few ancient shrines in Mylapore are still lesser known even to literate Chennai locals. You may easily miss the Virpaksheeswarar Temple, an in shadow ancient Shiva temple in Bazaar Road, Mylapore. Don't miss this temple if you happen to cross Mylapore.  This oldest living temple in Mylapore is not very big and even disfavoured for its  lesser scale architectural features; yet its history and epigraphy earn an important position among Mylapore Shiva temples.  Sri Venkatesh Ramakrishnan was very keen in motivating and guiding the CPW team to visit the most blissful and sacred temple in the heart of the city. Best to visit these Shiva temples with someone knowledgeable about Chola history.

After visiting Madhava Perumal temple we proceeded towards the busy Bazaar street and passed through the Karaneesvarar temple to locate Virpaksheeswarar Temple. We found the western gateway (A Torana Vayil ornated with stucco images of Shiva and his consort). However the new main gateway or rajagopuram is at  Virupakshishwarar Sannidhi Street (off Bazaar Road).

Sri Virpaksheeswarar  Virupa + Aksha  Virupa means strange or ‘Contradicting the Nature’ and Aksha means Eye i.e., Three eyed Lord Shiva. Term refers the THIRD EYE of Shiva. The Shivalingam, representing the three eyed Lord. is considered as huge among the seven Shiva shrines of Mylapore. The temple complex includes the main sanctum, sanctums devoted goddess Vishalakshi (consort of Lord Shiva), Selva Ganapathy, Murugan, Chandikesvarar and Navagrihams. 

The corridor is spacious. The main shrine comprise pillared mukha - mandapam, ardha - mandapam and the main sanctum. Lord Virpaksheeswarar appears in the form of huge Shivalingam under the east facing Dravidian vimana. The ornate pillars of the mandapam support the plain roof. The level of the granite floor is raised and covered with modern granite slabs. As a result the bas relief images on the square faces of the pillars have got sunk below the floor level.

The most affected bas relief image is one Sivanesan Chettiar, who reconstructed this historical shrine. He was the contemporary of saint Thirugnana Sambandar (Thevara Moovar), who lived around the 7th century A.D.  Saint Thirugnana Sambandar restored the life of the young girl Poompavai, the daughter of Sivanesan Chettiar. Sometime back the girl died due to snake bite and Sivanesan Chettiar preserved her ashes in an earthen pot. Thirugnana Sambandar restituted the girl  back to life by singing  Poompavaipathikam (10 Thevaram hymns in praise Lord Kapaleeswarar). From the presence of bas relief of  Sivanesan Chettiar on the pillar, you may guess the period of this temple.

Goddess Vishalakshi, the consort of Virpaksheeswarar appears in a separate south facing sanctum which can be accessed through the above mukhamandapam. A small granite Nandhi image appear before goddess sanctum. It is customary to install simha image before goddess sanctums in later Chola period Shiva temples. Of course there are enough variations. There are shrines dedicated to Lord Selva Ganapathi, Lord Murugan, Lord Chandikeswara and Navagriha (associate) deities.

The temple is under renovation. The tall five tier rajagopuram, with interesting colorful stucco images is being built at the southern gateway. The holy water tank with intact flight of steps on all four sides of the water body appear very quaint. Like here almost all the holy water bodies of the temples are subject to ill-maintenance and all intermittent toils in tank cleaning are worthless.

From literature we learn that there are Saptha Sthana Temples around Tiruvaiyaru region: 1. Tiruvaiyaru, 2. Tirupazhanam, 3. Tiruchotruthurai, 4. Tiruvedhikudi, 5. Tirukandiyur, 6. Tirupoonthuruthi and 7. Tiruneithanam. Like Saptha Sthana Temples of Tiruvaiyaru region, there is a set of Seven Holy Shrines (Saptha Sthana Temples) of Mylapore. Each Saptha Sthana Temple is represented by one sage (rishi) 1. Vashishta, 2. Adri, 3. Angirasa, 4. Kutsa, 5.  Gautama, 6. Brigu and 7. Kasyapa. It is highly auspicious to worship all the Saptha Sthana Temples in a single day (example: Mahashivratri Day, Krithikai Day) as pilgrimage in the following order:

1. Sri Karaneeswarar Temple, Sage (Rishi) = Vashista. Period: 12th Century. Location: Bazaar street (off Kutcheri Road) 

2. Sri Theerthapaleeswarar Temple, Sage (Rishi) = Adri. Location: Natesan street (Krishnampet. way to Triplicane) 

3. Sri Velleeswarar Temple, Sage (Rishi) = Angeerasa. Location: South Mada street (way to Chitrakulam)
4. Sri Virupaksheeswarar Temple, Sage (Rishi) = Kutsa. Location: Bazaar street (off Kutcheri Road) 

5. Sri Valeeswarar Temple, Sage (Rishi) = Gautama. Location: Gopathy Narayana Chetty street (opp. to Kolavizhiyamman temple) 

6. Sri Malleeswarar Temple, Sage (Rishi) = Brigu. Location: South Mada street (opp.to Karaneeswarar temple) 

7. Sri Kapaleeswarar Temple, Sage (Rishi) = Kasyapa. Location: Mylapore Tank.

 

Sri Virpaksheeswara temple is the fourth among the Seven Holy Shrines (Saptha Sthana Temples) of Mylapore dedicated to Lord Shiva. 

 

Inscriptions commencing from 11th to 16th century A.D have been discovered, e-stamped,  documented and published in the ASI / SII volumes. Some were inscribed inside the main sanctum and hence not accessible. Presently lithic inscriptions  are damaged or discorded due to negligence or improper renovation methods.  Dating back the reign of Vira Rajendra Chola (1063–1070 CE), the most ancient lithic document, records about the gift of two cows. Two important inscriptions one going to Pandya reign and the other going to the reign of Kopperunchinga I (1216–1242 A.D) the petty Kadava chieftain of the 13th century A.D. The fragmentary inscription, inscribed on the Mahamandapa pillar is accessible to all. It records the gift of gold in the name of prime deity for purposes of offering of flower garments,  perfumes and for ablution of deities for one year.

Though the 12th century lithic record was discovered on the mandapam floor and documented meticulously by ASI, the same has been covered with modern granite slabs. Much worn-out fragmentary record could have served as a crucial document to comprehend about the rich antiquity of Mylapore. Will the temple administrators and the government show firm commitment for preserving / conserving the inscriptions and the monuments for the enjoyment of present and future generations? 

Reference:

A temple awaiting a gopuram. Chitra Madhavan in Madras Musings 20(8), August 1 -15, 2010

Madhava Perumal Temple, Mylapore: A Photowalk Experience

Chennai Photo-walk (CPW) arranges photo-walks twice in a month to walk around Chennai streets, exploring the surroundings, exercising participants' creativity and clicking pictures. Retrowalk # 20 'Thiru Mayilai' is one such photo-walk planned around Mylapore (Meliapor as per Portuguese records), the town of peacocks and heritage suburb of Chennai on 12th July 2015, Sunday in between 06.30 - 09.30 am. The walk went well and was participated by umpteen number of CPW members and few new entrants. Venkatesh Ramakrishnan, the historical novelist (English novel 'Gods, Kings and Slaves', Tamil novels 'Kaviri Maindan' (a sequel to Ponniyin Selvan), 'Kanchiyin Tarakai' (a sequel to Sivakamiyin Sabadam) and 'Tillayil oru kollaikkaran'), heritage lover, founder of Ponniyin Selvan Varalatru Peravai and key activist for a band of volunteers planning to culturally map the Cooum, was very kind enough to participate in the walk and was literally guiding us to the ancient monuments around LUZ. Other heritage lovers from different groups of Chennai also participated including Sri R. Gopu and Smt. Padmapriya Baskaran.

Venkatesh Ramakrishnan & Guests (Picture by Gopalakrishnan)

 The walk commenced from Madhava Perumal Temple, Madhava Perumal st, off the Kutcheri road, and extended to few Shiva (Chola period) temples in Bazaar road, Tiruvalluvar (memorial) temple,  Apparswamy temple, Luz church and ended at Nageswararao Park.

Picture by Gopalakrishnan

Immersed in history, Mylapore is the hub of Chennai and a place of great antiquity. It brings back the attribute and the image of South Chennai. Ancient Hindu temples, mutts, historical churches come through side by side. You can witness at least one festival in a week happens here. Happening place. Two little known Vaishnavite temples and several Saivite temples and the Chola inscriptions bear testimony to Mylapore's connections with the Cholas. The Vaishnava classics (religious works): ‘Divyasuricharitam' and ‘Guruparamparai'  have referred Madhava Perumal and Kesava Perumal temples of Mylapore.

The Thenkalai, Vaikanasa agamic,Vaishnavite (east facing) temple is dedicated to Madhava Perumal. Lord Madhava Perumal appear seated inside the main sanctum under Ananda Nilaya Vimanam (Similar to Ananda Vimanam in Tirupati) with the upper hands holding the conch and the discus, the lower right hand in abhaya hasta and the left hand holding the Kaumodaki, the gada (mace weapon) and flanked by two consorts Sridevi and Bhudevi.

Stucco image of Prime deity above lintel

The prime deity is also known as Kalyana Madhavan since the celestial marriage with goddess Amritavalli Thayar took place at this shrine. Aravind Madhavan is the prominent procession deity (Utsava murthi) appear in a  standing posture flanked by two consorts Sridevi and Bhudevi. The other procession deities of the main sanctum include  Narthana Krishna, Vishwaksena, Sudarsana and Anjaneya. Niranjana Madhavan (Little Madhavan),  the unique archa murti (ablution deity) appear standing with two upper hands holding sankha and chakra and the lower hands show abhaya and kati-hasta (hand resting on the hip) mudras.

Vimanam of Prime deity

The east facing temple comprise a sanctum (garbagriham), an antechamber (or vestibule or antarala) that connects the sanctum to a pillared hall (mukha-mantapa) which is preceded by ornately pillared main hall (mahamantapa). The dwi-tala (two tier) Dravida vimanam with hard granite base  (from pada-bandha adishtana to prastara) structure and with  brickwork kanta (neck), octagonal sikhara and stupi (finial) having mahanasika. The sanctum can be accessed through the east and south facing entrances.  The three arched niches on the bhadra segments are without images. Opposite the main sanctum is the small Garuda shrine.

Main Sanctum & Tower

Goddess Amirtavalli Thayar appear in a separate east facing sanctum (to the right of the main sanctum) near Santhana pushkarini (holy watertank) and the sanctum is the simple brickwork structure.  There are separate shrines for Bhoo Varahar, boar form of Lord Vishnu and goddess Andal who has got some unique significance with Madhava Perumal.  A separate shrine for Lord Rama along with Lakshmana, Sita and Anjaneya is also seen in the corridor of this temple. Peyalvar (the third alvar), one among the three prime alvar saints, was probably born in the 7th century AD on a red  water lily flower (Bot. name: Nymphaea rudgeana) in a 60-feet deep well known as Manikairavam located in Arundale street (south-east of this temple). The saint is believed to be the incarnation of the sword of Lord Vishnu (Nandakam). Since the saint showed crazy bondage with Lord Vishnu, he probably acquired the unique name 'Pei' Alvar (Pei in Tamil means ghost). His Tamil hymns are compiled as  "Moonram Thiruvandhadhi" in the Vaishnavite seminal work Nalayira Divya Prabandham. There is a separate shrine for this alvar saint in the north corridor. Also there are shrines for acharyas like Ramanuja, Manavala mamunigal.

The most eye-catching feature is two four pillared mandapas (pavilions): one is located before the rajagopuram and the taller one inside the south corridor houses the viswaroopa form of Anjaneya with folded hands facing the sanctum. The roofs exhibit exclusive angled patterns of squares.

The square bases of pillars of the mandapas have the ornate bas relief images, depicting various forms of Lord Vishnu and His consorts, associate deities and Alvar saints.

Legend

Sage Vyasa prayed for Lord Vishnu's grace and appealed him to indicate the most holy shrine where he could observe deep penance. The Lord heeded Vyasa's prayers and appeared before him to indicate Madhavapuram (the present Madhava Perumal shrine). The sage built hi hermitage and observed deep penance. The chapter in Mayurapuri Mahadhmiyam of the Brahmandapuranam, a Puranic literature narrate the story.

This temple is encircled by all-embracing tall perimeter wall and the most impressive five-tier rajagopuram at its eastern entrance. The holy tree of this shrine is the Punnai tree (Bot. name: Calophyllum inophyllum) meant for Lord Krishna and the plant can be seen behind the main sanctum.

Location:

The Madhava Perumal Temple is located in the Madhava Perumal Koil Street (off the Kutcheri road), Mylapore, Chennai. The entrance arch from can easily be located nearer to Sanskrit college, Royapettah High Road. The temple can also accessed from the Mylapore Tank bus stop. Just follow the well known Kutchery road, then turn left to Mundakkanni Amman Koil Street. After passing by the Mundakkanni Amman temple, turn right to Madhava Perumal Koil Street.

Festivals

Theppotsavam in Maasi (Feb - Mar)
Chitrai Brahmotsavam Annual Festival (Apr - May)
Varaha Jayanthi Utsavam in Chitrai (Apr - May)
Navratri (Sep - Oct)
PeyAlvar Avatar Utsavam in Aipasi (Oct - Nov)
Margazhi Tiruppavai Festival (Dec - Jan)

Timing

    7.00 A.M - 11.30 A.M - 4.30 P.M - 09.00 P.M

During Margazhi (Dec - Jan) months the temple is kept open from 05.00 A.M and is closed at 08.30 P.M

Contact details: Madhavaperumalpuram, Mylapore,  Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India . Ph #: 044 24985112

Kaidi Kitchen (Restaurant), Mylapore, Chennai: Enjoy Multi-cuisine Veg. Food behind Prison Cell

Facade of the restaurant is appearing like the gate of the prison

Ambiance: Eight air-conditioned Prison Cells. Waiters in Jailer / Convict Uniforms

Prison Cells (Dining Rooms)

Kaidi Kitchen  is a first prison theme based Multi-Cuisine Vegetarian Restaurant in Mylapore, Chennai. You may be surprised to name the restaurant with the term 'Kaidi.' No one would prefer to dine in a prison cell. Yet these prison cells (dining rooms in Kaidi vegetarian restaurant) are arresting the Chennai food lovers with their  Chinese, Italian, Lebanese, Mexican, North Indian and Thai Cuisines. Of course no chance for south Indian dishes like idly, pongal, poori and dosas.

Hand-cuffs suspended. Brick walls

The facade of the restaurant is appearing like the gate of the prison.  The fully air conditioned 8000 sq.feet restaurant resembles like prison with eight prison cells incorporating revolving lights; hand-cuff suspended atop the ‘cells’ and toy guns displayed on the walls.  The earnest waiters are wearing the uniforms of jailers or convicts. They appear before the discerning customers with 30 page menu booklet (looking like encyclopedia) and take orders.

Guns Dispalyed on the wall

In addition there is a huge banquet hall in the basement with a capacity for 200 people to dine at any given time.

People choose to frequent this place during week ends; preferably on Saturday nights. Of course it is very difficult to reserve a prison cell on week ends and the plan of action will be strictly on the basis of  ‘first come, first get arrested’ policy. When the prison gate opens around 07.00 pm, the prison cells are packed every week end night. 

After its promising achievements in Kolkata, Rohit Ojha was inspired with confidence to replicate its franchised outlet in Chennai. There are scope for replicating similar franchised outlets in Gujarat, Hyderabad and New Delhi. The restaurant is targeting all sections of the food lovers including the youth and family circles and there is encouraging response.

Kaidi Kitchen is at 20/3, Bishop Wallers Avenue, Mylapore, Chennai. Contact for Information: 42009701 or 4200 9702.

Madras Sanskrit College, Mylapore, Chennai

Facade of View Source: Madras Sanskrit College Website

Entrance of Madras Sanskrit College, Mylapore, Chennai

View of the Facade of Madras Sanskrit College

The Madras Sanskrit College , 84, Royapettah High Road, Mylapore, Chennai- 600004, Tamil Nadu

Sanskrit is the life line of the spiritual consciousness of India. It is not merely a language. It is the life style of India. In 1906, when several schools of philosophy such as Purva Mimamsa were dying out, prompted the lawyer, V Krishnaswami Iyer to set up in Mylapore, Madras, the Sanskrit College dedicated  for Sanskrit Study and Research with an objective of restoring and rejuvenating the indigenous tradition and culture.

V.Krishnaswami Iyer

As a result of the sustained and untiring efforts of V Krishnaswami Iyer, Former Judge of Madras High Court and Member of the Executive Council of Government of Madras and a philanthropist and leading member of the Bar, the the Sanskrit College was established in 1906 in a rented premises in Mylapore, Madras with around 25 students. As there was no college to impart Sanskrit teaching, many students from north India and outside the country came to Madras. In 1910 the college occupied the present premises built by the founder. At the initial days college admitted students for the various courses and also offered free education as well as free boarding and lodging facilities. The college has a good infrastructure with highly accomplished faculty including 14 assistant professors and three research professors to teach sastras such as Mimamsa, Vedanta, Sahitya, Jyotisha, Vyakarana and Nyaya. In addition the team of faculties to teach Hindi, English and Computer Science. The books collection includes over 50,000 books (many of them are rare book collection), periodicals and around 100 ancient and rare palm leaf manuscript in Sanskrit. 

This college and research institute was affiliated to the University of Madras and approved by the Directorate of Collegiate Education, Govt. of Tamil Nadu under Grant-in-Aid. It also receives aid from Ministry of Human Resources Development, Department of Education, Govt. of India, New Delhi, under the Adarsha Mahavidyalaya Scheme from the year 1977. It is now recognized as an "Institute of National Importance." 

Sanskrit Courses

The range of full time courses offered by the college include:

Prak-Siromani: Two year foundation programme. Recognized as equivalent of Higher Secondary Class 11 and 12 standards. Eligibility: Students passed SSLC exam or the Veda Adhyayana (Samhita), or Aagama studies from any school.

Siromani Madhyama — BA  (Three year programme). Eligibility - Prak-Siromani or Higher Secondary School with Sanskrit background. Mandatory subjects: Computer Science, English and Hindi included to meet the contemporary needs and to develop the communication skills of students.
Sanskrit Siromani — MA (Two year programme). Eligibility - Siromani Madhyama

Part time courses:

Certificate Course in Sanskrit (duration: six months. Evening Classes held thrice a week. Timing - between 5 to 7 pm)
Diploma Course in Sanskrit (duration: One year. Evening Timing - between 5 to 7 pm)

Reference:

1. The Madras Sanskrit College http://madrassanskritcollege.com
2. V Krishnaswami Iyer – the social side http://sriramv.wordpress.com/2012/02/07/v-krishnaswami-iyer-the-social-side/
3. Learn Sanskrit the traditional way  Deccan Herald Thursday 10 April 2014
4. Sanskrit College draws students from across India Times of India     Jul 2, 2012
5. No generation gap divides this bunch The Hindu April 28, 2012

Historic Landmarks: Jammi Building and Jammi Pharmaceuticals at Mylapore

Jammi's Liver Cure Clnic & Office View 1

Jammi's Liver Cure Clinic & Office View 2

Dr Jammi Venkataramanayya, an Ayurvedic practioner and founder of Jammi Pharmaceuticals. 

'Jammi's Liver Cure' Standardised Ayurvedic formulations for Infantile Jaundice

Jammi Building housing Jammi Pharmaceuticals has been intertwined with the history of Madras. The 110 year old pharmaceutical firm claims about its specialisation in 'Ayurvedic remedies for liver and spleen diseases, digestive disorders and other internal ailments.'

It was Dr Jammi Venkataramanayya, an Ayurvedic practioner from Andhra Pradesh, moved to Madras to continue his practice and to treat infantile liver ailments. He launched his pharmaceutical unit at Brodies Road, Mylapore. After gaining wide recognition, he experimented and standardised several Ayurvedic formulations. 'Jammi's Liver Cure' is claimed as one such formulation developed out of his 28 years of Ayurvedic experience . 

Soon this Ayurvedic practioner founded few more pharmaceutical branches in Bangalore, Bombay, Calcutta, Delhi, Lucknow and Nagpur as well as clinical branches in district head quarters of Tamil Nadu and extended his practice through medical camps. To meet the demand for his pharmaceutical products, a factory was founded at Arcot Road, Madras and produced ayurvedic tablets.  The present Jammi Buildings at 121, Royapettah High Road, Mylapore, was formed as his head office. After the demise of Dr Jammi Venkataramanayya in 1939, his sons continued to run the Jammi Pharmaceuticals as per contemporary norms and technology.

Karpagambal Mess, Mylapore, Chennai

Mylai Karpagambal Mess at 20, East Mada Street, Mylapore, Chennai, 600004 is a South Indian Restaurant best known for common South Indian breaksfast menu.  This fairly small eatery, refurbished recently, has become  synonymous with traditional South Indian vegetarian breakfast. The atmosphere of the a.c and non a.c. dining halls are filled with the ,mixed aroma of scented sticks, strong authentic coffee, sambar and pongal.   

It is a small restaurant with reasonably priced quality menu items.  The food items like idly, dosa, pongal, Medhu Vada, Keera Vada and Thavala Vada was served hot in banana leaf and was very authentic and tasty. The coffee was also very authentic with the right amount of sugar and strength. The cash counter was manned by the middle aged person and he is also found running into the kitchen, takes the order and serve breakfast also. 

Kapaleeswarar Temple, Mylapore, Chennai

Kapaleeswarar Temple Tower (Gopuram)

Kapaleeswarar Temple West Facing Shrine

Kapaleeswarar Temple - Spacious Corridor with Shrines for Minor Deities

Kapaleeswarar Temple, Mylapore

Prime Deity: Lord Kapaleeswarar (Lord Shiva)

Consort:  Sri Karpagambal.

Holy Tree: Punnai Tree

Agama Puja: Kameekam

The ancient Kapaleeshwarar temple, Mylapore is undoubtedly  a beautiful sample of classic Dravidian temple sculpture and architecture. The original temple was located near the sea but got submerged in the sea and the current temple was built around 350 years back by the rulers of Vijayanagara. Dedicated to lord Kapaleeswarar (lord Shiva) and his consort Devi Karpagambal, the temple has a wide temple tank, 37 m tall temple tower, spacious circumambulation path (prakaram), separate shrines for minor deities and also shrines in the niches of the vimanam walls. As per the legend Devi Karpagambal worshipped lord Kapaleeswarar in the form of a peacock (mayil = peacock) hence the town got the name Mylapore. Sage Kashyapar worhipped the lord. It is one of the seven Shiva (Sapthasthana) temples and one among the 40 temples that have west facing Shiva sanctums. Temple glorified by the saints Appar, Sundarar and Sambandar in Thevaram. During the annual festival (Arupathu Moovar Thiruvizha Brammotsavam) the bronze icons on 63 Nayanmars (63 Saiva saints) are taken in procession.

I had a pleasant photowalk in and around the temple on 12th January 2014 with group members during Mylapore festival 2014. Some pictures from the walk are shown above.

Ravana in Yakshagana: Music Dance Drama staged at Mylapore Festival 2014

 

KARTHAVEERYARJUNA KALAGA - Yakshagana - music dance drama was staged at Mylapore Kapaleeswarar Temple, Chennai on 12th January 2014 at 08.30 pm. by Sri Idagunji Mahaganapathi Yakshagana Mandali, Keremane Shivananda Hegde troupe as part of Mylapore Festival 2014.

 

The Yakshagana troupe Sri Idagunji Mahaganapathi Yakshagana Mandali Keremane (etd. in 1934) has completed 75 years and steadily striding towards its goal of experimenting and innovating the folk art form without affecting its traditional heritage. Since its inception the troupe has performed more than 8000 shows.

Vibheeshana in Yakshagana: Music Dance Drama staged at Mylapore Festival 2014

 

Karthaveeryarjuna Kalaga - Yakshagana - music dance drama was staged at Mylapore Kapaleeswarar Temple, Chennai on 12th January 2014 at 08.30 pm. by Sri Idagunji Mahaganapathi Yakshagana Mandali, Keremane Shivananda Hegde troupe as part of Mylapore Festival 2014.

Yakshagana (Yaksha Songs) is the musical dance drama (a traditional folk art form) of Karnataka theatre predominant in coastal and Malenadu regions of Karnataka, India.

It combines dance, music, dialogue, costume, make-up, and stage techniques with a unique style and form and portrays class of demigods in Hindu mythology. It usually depicts a story from the Hindu epics and puranas.

The actors wear resplendent costumes, head-dresses, and painted faces which they paint themselves. A Yakshagana artists also wearing pagaDe, one type of head-wear.

Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=584914684916618&set=pb.510353505706070.-2207520000.1392646352.&type=3&theater

Artist Makeup for Yakshaganam Dance Drama Mylai Festival 2014